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Cbc blood test results all borderline10/29/2023 ![]() Antibody levels may be quantified by the amount of colour change of a substrate by the enzyme tag. Serum is incubated in the wells and antibodies binding to the antigens are then detected using a detection antibody which has been conjugated with an enzyme tag. In ELISAs wells are coated with antigens from cell nuclei. The detection antibody will then be visible using a fluorescence microscope if there is immunoglobulin from the patient serum that has bound to the cells on the slide. The slides are washed and any remaining antibodies bound to cell nuclei are then visualised using a detection antibody binding human immunoglobulin which has been conjugated to a fluorescent tag. These malignant cells are ideal for the ANA test as they have large nuclei in different stages of the cell cycle. Indirect IF-ANA involves incubating patient serum on a slide covered with a monolayer of cells from a malignant human epithelial cell line. Although many methods are available for ANA detection, the indirect immunofluorescence antinuclear antibody test (IF-ANA) and enzyme immunoassay (EIA)/enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are commonly used.
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